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KaKKoS eFFICaCy oF RUSCUS, HMC aND VItaMIN C oN VeNoUS SyMPtoMS

a

B

Figure 13.—the use of Ruscus compared with placebo reduced ankle circumference (SMD=-0.74, 228 participants in four studies) (a), and leg or
foot volume (SMD=-0.61, 181 participants in three studies) (B).

mental studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent capillary resistance, and an increased venous output
28
venoconstriction, in animal veins and in humans (nor- and decreased venous pressure. HMC lowers the cap-
29
mal or with varicose veins), 22-24 as well as constriction of illary filtration rate, and has venoconstrictive proper-
30
lymphatic vessels, a decreased adhesion of leukocytes ties, while additive effects for Ruscus and the HMC
28
25
or other proprietary information of the Publisher. protein and fluorescein-labeled dextran extravasation Ruscus extracts and HMC on several venous symptoms
the mechanisms of actions
have been described.
to endothelial cells, likely to be the result of inhibition
26, 28
of endothelial cell activation by hypoxia, a decreased
described above may explain the large effect size of
26
as observed by the present meta-analysis.
after induced microvascular permeability, increased
27
april 2017
INterNatIoNal aNgIology
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